Pumped storage power plants: An overview of technologies, applications, and future trends

Pumped storage power plants (PSPs) have emerged as a critical component of modern energy systems, providing large-scale energy storage capabilities and playing a crucial role in balancing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of PSP technologies, applications, and future trends. It explores the fundamental principles of PSP operation, highlighting the different configurations and components involved. Additionally, the paper delves into the various applications of PSPs, including their integration with renewable energy sources, grid stabilization, and ancillary services. Furthermore, it examines the future trends in PSP development, such as advanced materials, innovative designs, and the potential for underground and offshore installations. By understanding the current state and future prospects of PSP technology, stakeholders can make informed decisions to enhance energy storage capabilities and facilitate the transition towards a more sustainable and resilient energy landscape.