Impact of maternal body mass index on delivery complications and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)

Maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) is a crucial predictor of obstetric and delivery-related complications, significantly affecting maternal and neonatal outcomes. As global obesity rates continue to rise, the impact of elevated maternal BMI on pregnancy has garnered increasing attention. This comprehensive review examines the association between maternal BMI and various pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders, labor dystocia, cesarean section (C-section), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and adverse neonatal outcomes such as macrosomia. The aim of this review is to examine the impact of maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) on pregnancy and delivery outcomes, with a focus on identifying key complications associated with elevated maternal BMI and exploring the underlying mechanisms. As global obesity rates continue to rise, understanding the influence of maternal BMI on obstetric and neonatal outcomes is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This review synthesizes current research on the relationship between maternal BMI and complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders, labor dystocia, cesarean section (C-section), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and adverse neonatal outcomes, including macrosomia. The review also delves into the physiological mechanisms, including insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and altered uterine contractility, that contribute to these complications. Clinical implications are discussed, emphasizing the importance of preconception counselling, individualized weight management during pregnancy, and interdisciplinary care to optimize outcomes. The conclusion highlights Maternal BMI is a critical factor influencing pregnancy outcomes. Obesity increases the risk of delivery complications and RPL, while underweight status is associated with preterm birth, LBW, and RPL. Addressing maternal BMI through preconception care and continuous monitoring during pregnancy is essential for improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.