Extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19: A comprehensive review

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has predominantly been recognized for its respiratory impact. However, as the pandemic has progressed, it has become evident that SARS-CoV-2 affects multiple organ systems beyond the lungs, resulting in a wide array of extra-pulmonary manifestations. These manifestations encompass cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, dermatological, hematological, endocrine, musculoskeletal, ocular, immunological, and psychiatric complications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these extra-pulmonary manifestations, highlighting their clinical significance, underlying mechanisms, and implications for patient management. Recognizing these manifestations is critical for improving patient outcomes and informing ongoing research and therapeutic strategies.