Relevance of soft tissues and facial angles in orthodontic diagnosis: A literature review

Facial harmony is characterized by the alignment of teeth, bone structures, and soft tissues. During orthodontic treatment, it is essential to consider how the positioning of teeth and jaws impacts the anatomy of soft tissues, a key aspect in diagnosis and aesthetic planning. This article aims to review the most commonly used points and angles in various studies utilizing lateral cephalometry applied to orthognathic surgery analysis, guided extractions, and malocclusion correction. A search of scientific databases yielded 43 relevant studies published in the past five years. Cephalometric analyses and facial angles, such as the nasolabial and Z angles, are crucial for assessing facial aesthetics. Key anatomical landmarks include the Pogonion, upper and lower lips, and the subnasale region, essential for analyzing facial profile and symmetry. Measuring the lips and their relationship to facial structures allows for the evaluation of facial projection and proportion, which are fundamental factors in orthodontic treatments. Finally, this work emphasizes the importance of integrating a three-dimensional approach in clinical training, as the analysis of soft tissue symmetry and proportion is essential for both oral health and facial aesthetics. In conclusion, orthodontists should recognize the importance of these tissues when developing aesthetic treatment plans, ensuring a balance between functionality and aesthetics.